Drones as Litany

The word "Litany" has a few different meanings, but the most common one is:

A long and repetitive list or series of something, usually complaints or problems.

For example:

“The customer service representative had to listen to a litany of complaints about the faulty product.”

“The politician’s speech was just a litany of empty promises.”

The word originates in a religious context:

‘’Litany’’ is a prayer that includes a series of requests or supplications from the worshipper or the prayer leader, followed by repetitive responses from the congregation or group of worshippers.

For example, in a traditional prayer, the cantor might say "God! Please have mercy" and the congregation would respond "Have mercy, please have mercy." This repetition creates a sense of call and response, or a dialogue between the leader and the congregation.

The word's origin is in ancient Greek, λιτανεία (litaneía), which means "prayer, supplication." From there it passed into Latin (litania) and finally into English.

Although its religious origin is still in use, today the word litany is mostly used in a broader context to describe any long and repetitive list, usually of complaints or problems.

So, when someone says "a litany of..." they are emphasizing the length and repetitiveness of the list, often with a slightly negative connotation.

In the context of ‘’Drones’’ as the nickname inspired by the meaning of the word "refrain" for UAVs or unmanned aerial vehicles, the word "litany" can be used to describe: a list of negative claims or concerns about drones.

In these days of reciting the Selichot prayers in preparation for the eve of Rosh Hashanah, the supplications uttered in the wee hours of the night chillingly echo the harsh reality of the military conflict unfolding on the banks of the Litani River.

Anxiety and Joy: Eid al-Adha and "Inside Out 2''

Between Anxiety and Joy: Eid al-Adha, "Inside Out 2," and the Surprising Connection Between Them

Eid al-Adha is a pilgrimage to Mecca, a significant event for Muslims worldwide. This year, an extreme heat wave in the region claimed many lives, reminding us of the heavy price of blind faith at times.

The Muslim Eid al-Adha, which falls at the end of June this year, coincides with the release date of the animated film "Inside Out 2." Coincidence? Perhaps. But the connection between the holiday and the film is far more interesting when delving into the meanings and stories behind them.

The two founding stories of Judaism and Islam, the Binding of Isaac and the Binding of Ishmael, are at the heart of Eid al-Adha. The names Isaac and Ishmael, despite their phonetic similarity, carry vastly different meanings.

Ishmael – his name signifies anxiety ("listen" and "God") and blind obedience to God.

Isaac – his name signifies joy ("laughter") and hope, representing an optimistic worldview and faith in human goodness.

In the movie "Inside Out 2," the two central characters, Joy and Sadness, struggle for control of the heroine's mind. It's a struggle we all know – between fear and worry and optimism and joy. Just like in the story of the Binding of Ishmael, anxiety tries to take over, but in the end, joy wins and returns the heroine to a healthier and more balanced worldview.

The Temple Mount and the International Space Station

The International Space Station above the Temple Mount in Jerusalem

 

The International Space Station above the Temple Mount in Jerusalem 

The International Space Station above the Temple Mount in Jerusalem

Jerusalem - Celestial City

Jerusalem and the modern transportation revolutions that shape it as part of the global city.

The Oblique of the Tribe of Dan

The tribe of Dan, from which the hero Samson came, migrated north in the Land of Israel and settled in the area near Sidon. There it connected with the gentiles of the sea and became a tribe of sailors. From there, according to one tradition, it continued in a northwesterly direction, becoming part of the Greek tribes, also called "Danaides". It continued wandering in this direction along the Dnieper River, reaching as far as Denmark. All of these places contain the syllable "Dan" in their names.

"Oblique" is also an important geometric concept in modern architecture. It notes a design compromise between the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the urban space. The world is today one global city, run virtually in the speed of light, by the electronic media.

Ukraine, along which the Dnieper River flows, is also on a political "Oblique", as an intermediate state between East and West.

The danger in this geographical-political-war Oblique for the State of Israel is its inevitable lengthening towards Lebanon, Syria, the Gulf states and Iran.

Oblique of Dan

Superheroes, Star Wars movies and aviation culture in the 20th century

The fighters have been a focal point of admiration for every generation, in their lives and deaths. Their qualities were focused on a single character who was exemplary to the public and the savior, and received a mythical character. A particularly revered hero is a super-omnipotent superhero with superhuman powers. The superheroes have undergone a transformation process throughout history, created because they belonged to the popular culture of their time, which had a characteristic emphasis, and used the technological means at its disposal. The characters of ancient superheroes, from the Bible and Greek mythology, became knights on horses in medieval societies. The early heroes of the early twentieth century were aviation pioneers and fighter pilots. Superheroes in the colorful comic booklets were very popular in the United States during the interwar period. After World War II, with the development of space flights, and at the same time as television viewing, the superheroes were identified with the first spacecraft pilots, such as Gagarin and Armstrong. In the early 2000s, the superheroes underwent another transformation, with the development of computing technologies, and now appear mainly in Marvel films. As reality became more complex, the need for archetypes became more important. Cinema, as a multidisciplinary and multidimensional medium, is a place where most of the myth appears, as both cinema and myth appeal to as broad a common denominator as possible.

The periodic transition between different types of characters is not sharp, and there is an overlap between them, as well as sub-genres that are characteristic of the interim periods and situations where no clear superhero characterization has taken place, or when a different characterization is needed. For example, in the 1930s, dictatorial political leaders, such as Hitler and Stalin, enjoyed a superhero image. Following the political crises in the 1960s in the United States, during and after the Vietnam War, superheroes such as Rambo, who were more human and represented personal and social protest, appeared on the movie screen. At the other end of the arc of superheroes are the simple real men who survived unbelievable hardships, led by Holocaust survivors. The survival motif is central to popular culture, but only dozens of films have been made about real survival journeys, as opposed to the countless works of fiction. Much research has been done on Holocaust survivors, but their image has not yet been created as superheroes. Their personal stories blended into the overall myth of Holocaust and Revival of Israel.

The "Star Wars" film series is based on the pattern of superheroes in the stories of mythology, as developed by Professor Campbell, the renowned expert on myth theory. "Star Wars" may be his most well-known legacy left behind. Within this film series, nine sequels have emerged, which are the canon of the series as a feature epic. The first movie in the series came out in 1977, and the last one in the end of 2019. It's about 40 years, then. The series gained unprecedented popularity. It was defined as redefining cinema, as it created an imaginary universe full of details. It has acquired millions of fans on the level of religious believers, and is recognized in almost every home across the globe. Some claim it have changed the world. It is an escapist replacement for the complexity of the race to space, which is one of the characteristics of modern life and central in every country.

The nine-movie canon consists of three trilogies, which represent the parts of the human soul and its evolution, according to Id, Ego, Super Ego. The Disney-owned franchise company also develops it through spin-off films, unique complexes at Disneyworld sites, and as a merchandise that includes computer games, books, comic books, clothing and toys. In this way, the brand reaches every soul in the way that is most appropriate, according to the latest branding and marketing approaches.

Professor Joseph Campbell has been a major source of inspiration for the series creator, George Lucas, and they also formed a personal friendship. Campbell's main book is "The Hero with Thousand Faces ." This book presents the defining characteristics of the superhero figure, who are kept behind many embodiments in different cultures and eras. The Star Wars movie series is entirely based on this theory. The films include a gallery of typical archetypal mythological characters, such as the superhero character, the mentor, the distressed maid, the trickster, the evil hero, the omnipotent magician, and the like. At the same time, the superhero in the series is going on a journey, known in terminology as "The Hero's Journey". This journey includes many stages of development, which are well characterized by the stories of superheroes of all cultures.

Because in much of the twentieth century, the superhero character was identified with pioneer pilots of airplanes and spaceships, two of the star heroes of "Star Wars," Han Solo; the trickster who is Luke Skywalker's faithful friend, and his son Ben, who became an evil hero by the name of Kylo Ran and the successor of Darth and Wader, are of central importance. The importance of the transformations undergone by Han and Ben Solo is also linked to the importance of the dream of flying to the development of the soul. Aviation ability has been identified, from the dawn of humanity, as a characteristic of gods. Han's "Millenium Falcon" spacecraft is the fastest in the galaxy, and it is the object most identified with the series, with the exception of Luke Skywalker's Light Sword. Harrison Ford, who plays Han Solo in the series, is a superstar of Hollywood, and portrayed another superhero character created by George Lucas, Indiana Jones.

Filmmaker Hans Bertram created several aviation films in Nazi Germany. During World War I, some of the most successful fighter pilots were soon promoted to become communicated icons of valor, warriors who donned the national spirit of the war. This was particularly evident in Germany, in the form of the Flying Circus pilots and their commander Richthofen. They became national icons, with a prominent presence in film and print, and in all circles of society. Between the two world wars, aviation films were constantly reinforced, helping to shape contemporary thinking about aviation development. Aviation achievements envisioned a new, stronger and more disciplined German Reich capable of dealing with multiple industrial claims and joining the twentieth-century imperial competition. The memory of World War I was built through the myth of the war experience, which legitimized it by changing the real-life picture. The main image engraved in the collective memory of this war, to this day, is that of the gallant fighter pilot. The distinct symbol of totalitarian and mythical modernism in Nazi Germany was the airplane. Not the airplane per se, but its connections, not the pilot per se but the concepts it entails, were the focus of attention. They served as a means of liberating revolutionary burdens of the past.

In Nazi Germany, the superheroes of American comic booklets were not popular, nor were other superheroes of this style. The Nazis saw themselves as a supreme race, according to the "Superman" model designed by Nietzsche, their official philosopher. The popular superheroes were characters from German folklore and history, such as in Richard Wagner's operas, and from the aviation world, whose heroes were considered to embody the "Suprmman". Bertram was among them. He was part of the famous Pilots Gallery, with Charles Lindberg at the top, who became superheroes in the world media. In 1927, Lindberg crossed the Atlantic alone by airplane. On his return he was honored as king, and millions came to a parade in his honor in New York.

In May 1932 Hans Bertram set out with a friend from Germany to a flight around the world. They had a forced landing in a desert in Australia, and undergone a two-month survival journey, with extensive media coverage on the search for them. He returned to Germany in April 1933, after a year of great upheaval in Germany as well, during which the Nazis came to power. He wrote his story in a book, which became a bestseller with seven million copies in Nazi Germany. He then moved on to writing screenplays and directing films. The story of his survival journey in Australia overlaps with the mythical ''Hero Journey'' that NAzi Germany needed at that time. This is in light of its plot, its exposure in the media, and its connection to the motifs of ''survival'' "superman" adopted by the Nazi regime. Bertram is probably the only pilot in Nazi Germany to have completed a "Hero's Journey," and who has written a non war-propaganda book on the subject. His most famous film is "The Baptism of Fire," a full-length documentary from 1940 about the campaign in Poland, which was characterized by devastating German bombings from the air.

The images of aviation and pilots on television and cinema in the State of Israel involve the military dependence on the air force, which created here the myth of the "best air force in the world". This myth is also rooted in Israel's relations with the United States, which include American popular culture. Therefore, it is interesting to see how major television events, such as the first flight to the moon or the crash of the Columbia Space Shuttle, and ''Star War'' movies, have affected Israeli society. At the same time, it is interesting to review the films that deal with the Israeli Air Force and their impact.

Air transport has become central today. The issue is complicated, in part because, unlike maritime and land transportation, which are the cradle of civilization, aviation is a new dimension. Important, capital-intensive development projects in aviation may shape the fate of a nation. But they are largely startups, which have a very high percentage of failure. Two examples of this are the attempt to land the Israeli spacecraft "Genesis" on the moon, and the development of the "Lavi" aircraft.

The need for heroes in the aviation field is motivated, besides the race for space and the race to develop new aircraft, also by the need to develop the infrastructure of airports, which have become civilization centers due to the airports cities around them. The airports of cities have replaced the maritime port cities, which until recently were the centers of the human race.The "Terminal" theme is well-developed in the Star Wars series. Its many forms, together with the gallery of figures appearing in it, present an alternative order to the constant chaos experienced by passengers today. This chaos, resulting from the routine of the experience, runs counter to the flight aura that existed until World War II.

Another important connection between superhero films and modern-day reality is that these films, in many cases, show sections of a world on the verge of destruction, usually as a result of the invention of new weapons by the forces of evil. The Holocaust worldview in these films overlaps with the  Jewish Holocaust survivors worldview, whose world was also destroyed. The good ending in these films, when usually the good people beat the bad guys, is a therapeutic move. The general destruction worldview is also close to everyday reality, as politicians regularly warn of a disaster that could result from enemy attacks, usually from the air. That is why every citizen takes to himself the images of the imminent destruction, as seen in the superhero films, for the promotion of his personal affairs. Those who have experienced the devastation to the truth, such as the Holocaust survivors, are usually left behind in the race to fulfill their dreams.

The main negative aspect of the development of air power is the many wars that have been decided by it, such as the Vietnam War and the Yom Kippur War. In addition, airborne terrorism has become an integral part of daily life. Its climax was in the attack on the Twin Towers in New York in September 2001. We are witnessing it today in cyber threats, the incessant rocket launches toward Israel, and the passengers and baggage checks before flights. Serious aerial accidents are an integral part of reality, from the era of early aviation to the present.

One of the results of the importance of aviation to human existence in all strata is that the discourse on aviation has become an unconscious part of everyday discourse and is difficult to isolate. Therefore, it is important to see if the awareness to the issue in Israel does not diminish the understanding of the relationship between the Holocaust and aviation. This connection was expressed by the fact that senior Nazi pilots, who were crowned superheroes, played a major part in the final solution planning. A multifaceted aviation culture is evolving nowadays, in the face of the reality imposed on us like a mountain. The Star Wars series does not provide a complete set of tools for understanding the world of flying and aviation, but the complexity it presents is certainly a progression, as opposed to the stalwart approach to the topic so far in popular culture.

Yiddish and the Holocaust

Conversation about the Holocaust after a Yiddish concert in Central park, New York, between three people from the audience, in June 2018.

The Domes of Paris

When the Dreyfus affair broke out in 1895, a very important development in the field of aviation also occurred, the invention of Zeppelin. The zeppelin was a German invention, which the French were very afraid of. Behind them were 100 years of almost exclusive control of the air. This was thanks to the invention of the hot-air and hydrogen manned balloons, back in 1783, seven years before the French Revolution. Now, for the first time, there was an aircraft not at the mercy of the winds. Zeppelins could reach anywhere, at any time, and stay above the target as much as they wished. The military and political reality has changed completely. World War I broke out and was largely influenced by the air raids of the German zeppelins. It shaped the modern state.

The period of the Dreyfus trial is also known as the "beautiful period" or the "Belle Epoque" in the history of France. During this period French culture reached its peak. The balloon was the technological symbol, as well as the cultural source of inspiration. All sectors of were influenced by it, especially architecture and painting. Everything that was high was decorated in detail. The most notable feature was the Eiffel Tower, which was originally designed for tying balloons as part of the international trade fair in honor of the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. But the most appropriate architectural and periodical symbol was the ornate dome, which was built in many institutions in Paris at that time. These ornate domes resemble the first balloons, which were made of silk sheets. On the outside, the domes are prominent features in the urban landscape and are integrated as architectural pearls between the roofs. Anyone who enters them is immediately impressed by their unique size and decoration. Time stands and the soul expands.

It is important to say that unlike the domes of religious buildings around the world, the Parisian dome is secular. It is located in public buildings of all kinds. It is addressed for the secular citizen. The domes illustrate the French worldview during the Belle Epoque. They saw the sky as a painting of unlimited inspiration, not only religious, but cultural and human in general. It was now possible to use the sky as a colorful background for Impressionist painting, which became the flagship of French culture. This is expressed in the city's most important museums.

Paris was completely rebuilt during the Belle Epoque period, with Large squares leading to long boulevards. The boulevards cross the city like air routes. There are dialogues between the square and the boulevard, the circle and the straight line, the dome and the long hall. The dome and the square are a place of convergence and a sense of eternal perfection. In contrast, the long hall or the boulevard represent a story plot developing over time.

The dome or the square can be compared to the French ''macron'' cookie, which was created at the beginning of the 20th century, as a cookie made up of two discs, including a filling. The macron is considered difficult for baking.

The long hall or boulevard can be compared to the baguette, the long and narrow French bread. The baguette is a simple bread and was invented in World War I. when French did not have enough time to puff the dough for complex breads during the war nights.

Phi color combinations of the Tabernacle in the Bible

Using the PhiBar software, J.D. Ahmanson discovered that it produces the colors that the Bible says God gave to Moses for the construction of the Tabernacle. 

As it says in Exodus 26:1, “Make the tabernacle with ten curtains of finely twisted linen and blue, purple and scarlet yarn, with cherubim worked into them by a skilled craftsman.” 

This reference to the combination blue, purple and scarlet in the construction of the tabernacle appears 26 times in Exodus 25 through 39, describing the colors to be used in the curtains, waistbands, breastpieces, sashes and garments.

Set the primary color of the PhiBar to blue, the secondary color of the PhiBar to purple and the Phi color is scarlet, as illustrated below:

Tabernacle colors

Terrorism of poor regional planning in Israel

The 'Human figure map of the Holy Land' was created, in part, from a desire to give the  environmentally wounded Land of Israel an idyllic look.

The desolate land with a natural look which was attended by early Zionists is nowdays largely covered with a layer of concrete and asphalt, in part because of the desire for territorial achivements.

The Arabs who live in Israel and the Palestinian Authority copied the pattern and also conquered the country in the same format, of towns invading endlessly to natural areas.

The result is a clash between two teritorial masses, which already reached a critical level.

Peace to Israel will not come by politicians, nor by capital investments in combined projects of any kind.

Peace will come by geographers and city and regional planners, who will sit and draw maps of areas and settlements under the most desirable and appropriate pattern, to enable the different communities in this land to grow in harmony. 

It will be done not in accordance with 'facts on the grounds' by which, for example, most Arab towns  in Israel were declaired as cities without a proper planning, or asphalt barons constructed more and more highways with intensive consuming of land and the like.

Planning should be done according to what is right and correct from the planning point of view, under the fact that the whole land from the Jordan river to the Mediteranean sea is just one small geographical unit, a small piece of land which should be designed and built under this definition.

This insight of more then just close proximity, the insight of one planning area, was ignored by the international and local politicians.

What will be the benefit of a peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians if they will develop in their land concrete communities, which will spread within a few years and will cover all the hills, valleys and plains in an uncontrolled way.

Formulating a peace agreement without a united landscape image, designed and detailed in all aspects, will paradoxically hasten our  common downfall.

There are two theories of general regional collapse due to a severe environmental crisis:

The first describes the gradual and slow collapse.

The second describes an immediate collapse, after many years of apparent stability.

The best known result of terrorist extremism is terrorist acts against human beings. The results which are less published, but are very noticeable for those who know the land, are of construction terrorism, which violate the ecological balance and lndscape views under the arguments of religious, political and sectorial values.

The valleys around the Temple Mount, which were once green areas, had become over the last few decades crowded urban housing and unplanned neighborhoods.

On the other hand, the Israeli government covered the green hills around Jerusalem with suburban neighborhoods.

A building which is built in an inappropriarte  place will remain for centuries. Even if it would be demolished, there will be a very long time until nature will cover the ruins. 

This is in contrast to air pollution, which can be fixed within a relativly short time.

These serious facts on the ground are a form of terrorism that makes the conflict insoluble.

Alleged minor defaults of local authorities, which are not careful enough about construction laws, including careful planning and tight control, are the real source of the conflict today.

The Christian powers watch after the handling of the State of Israel in the field of regional planning. 

For them the State of Israel is part of the Holy Land, the idyllic land of the Bible and the New Testament, which is the object of all time longing.

Perhaps they prefer an ecological disaster, the result of construction violations which will make the country a no man's land, where might makes right.

Such a disaster is in accordance with the Messianic Christian concept of heavenly Jerusalem and the land of Israel as a place of longing only.

Environmental issues are very important to Germany in particular. Germany's re-unification was performed largely thanks to the strong German Green Party.

If we will learn to understand the critical importance of regional planning and establish appropriate authorities to enforce it properly, we can leverage it to a level where a peace agreement with the Palestinians would not be necessary.

Peace will be realized for granted in a country which is working on maintaining and developing the natural landscape, just as a person is recognized and respected by those around him if he behave properly.

Man is shaped in the pattern of the landscape of his birthplace.

The chaos of unplanned environment is spreading also to the planned urban environment.

Here are some examples of planning chaos in the cities in which we live:

Haifa metropolitan area is where the situation of the environment is getting worse all the time, in terms of regional planning in particular. For example, small adjacent cities with similar communities in Haifa bay create a dense cluster and long had to be united into one big city. This was not done and the result is a multi-year environmental cheos. The lack of strong leadership contributed to continous dangerous air pollution from the petro-chemical factories nearby.

The situation of public transportion in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area is very poor, according to a series of articles.

The damage that poor public transportion cause to the economy is enormous. Time lost for every citizen is accumulated into millions of hours each year. But it seems that none of the politicians is raising his glove, and we hear about a record year of cars sales, traffic congestion and endless new highways.

Israel need a 'Singapore Program'. Singapore has limited land resources and its civil leaders understood that they can not allow uncontrolled construction, that will prevent them from developing human resources properly. Therefore they have enforced strict rules in the field of environmental protection. Singapore is now a symbol and an international role model, but there is no political party in Israel which adopts this symbol.

There are many Insufficient government authorities in Israel, such as National Land Administration, currently undergoing a paradoxical  reform for privatizing state lands on one side and creating a unit for maintaining land resources on the other.

Preserving and maintaining the very limited land resources of Israel requires people of military stature, generals who will conduct the campaign against the territorial terrorism.  

They'll have to deal with the issues of enforcement of planning and building laws in a military disciplined manner. There should be headquarters, intelligence, forces, spokesmen and so on, as in any orgenized army.

Earth is an irreplaceable resource.

Islamic law is structured for political expansion

In religious Islam there is a built in system of political expansion, as part of the 'Sharia' [The full set of Islamic laws]. This political expansion result from the demographic spread of believers.

Judaism gave up the missionary role. Christianity and Buddhism are religions of faith alone, and they do not try to enforce their laws on the other and in everyday life.

In contrast to Christianity and Buddhism, Judaism and Islam are both dogmatic religions which pretend to give a religious answer to every facet of life.

But unlike the Jews, who wherever they were in exile dreamed only of the Holy Land as the realization of all their political aspirations, the aims of every Muslim who emigrated from his muslim state is to establish the Islamic state wherever he resides. This wish is fulfilled in implicit regulated process, step by step in a pre-programmed method, using specific set of religous laws known as the 'Dawa', together with the apparent desire to spread the Islamic faith.

What are the implications of this conclusion on the daily lives of Israeli citizens?

The answer is: a 'dog eat dog'.

Islam in Europe

From the article: "You shall inherit the continent of Europe: built-in Muslim ideology or reality of life?" 

By: Leah Kinberg, Moshe Dayan Center. 

The author describes very well the subject but lacks the conclusion: The direct political significance of the set of religous laws used by the muslim immigrants, referred to as 'Dawa', is an organized conspiracy striving to establish an Islamic state wherever they come.

"... The rationale underlying the Muslims to non-Muslim migration commandments, imposed as an act on migrants as representatives of religion, is to be role models and instill in their hosts the will to convert to Islam. That make the social phenomenon of migration a tool of preaching and proselytizing for Islam, or 'Dawa'. 'Dawa' is displayed as a duty incumbent on every Muslim who lives in a non-Muslim country and its purposes are to rally the ranks of the Muslim minority, mutual aid and preaching the way of behavior which can serve as an example and become a role model ... Just as Muslims will follow the Islamic 'Jihad' [religous conquering] as long as needed, that is as long as there are parts of a non-Muslim world, so the 'Hajra' [Imigration by all means] from the homeland will continue, accordingly the 'Dawa' [customs of immigrants] which justifies the 'Hajra' will not stop. This argument gives 'Dawa' dimensions which are not depended on time and place. As long as the world exists, it is commanding the Muslim believer to live according to the laws of his religion, to spread the religion, strengthen and expand, and thereby fulfill the most important aspect of the 'Jihad' ... Muslims living in Europe ... many of them born and raised in Europe ... all of them must represent the religion - A Muslim doctor in the hospital is merely representative of Islam, so are the engineer, the merchant, worker, student, they are all representatives of Islam ... Islam's way is through the dominant influencing of the 'Sharia' or by logging into politics - participation in elections and in fact in many cases both options go hand in hand ... "

Ariel Segal measures the 'blood pressure' in France. Europe knows that Jihad volunteers can return from their camps of rape and death in Syria and Iraq to enable continous terrorisim in the continent which tried to take them in. The groundwork for celebrations of Jihadism in France and other European countries was laid by intellectuals, who opened the door for terrorism through post-modern discourse and multi-culturalism.

Islam in China

The Muslim minority in China is of, according to research estimates, about 20 million people. The beginning of the Muslim presence in China was already in the 8th century AD, when Arab and Persian traders who sought to develop trade by sea routes round India, settled on the shores of the eastern ports of China. With the increase in trading volume, port communities were formed around the Moslim faith. Their people, while married to local women, sustained community life separate and distinct from the local language, religion and dress.

Mongol takeover of China in the 13th century led to an increase and expansion of the Muslim community. Mongols brought to China many Muslim soldiers from Western and Central Asia, as well as clerical and administrative personnel (engineers, architects, artisans and farmers), helping them with sustaining the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Open borders for trade and economic wellness have led to many Muslims crossing the areas to the north and the south west of China, where you can find a large concentration of them today. Their connections to the Mongol conquerors, their privileges and isolated neighborhoods and the confrontation of the major Han population with the Muslim officialdom, contributed to foster feelings of hostility and hatred towards Muslims. Stories from that period depict the muslim as cruel, greedy and as aggressive, capable of any crime.

Fall of the Mongols in 1368 and rise of the Ming Dynasty is considered a glorious period in the history of China. Various scholars see this period as a kind of watershed for the Muslims. Voluntary isolation imposed by the rulers and the begining of pressures, Chinafication presures on the community, led many Chinese Muslims to change their names, use the local language for trade and speech and reduce differnet style of construction (including mosques) and clothing. Distinct identity began to take shape among the Muslim minority of Muslims known as 'Hui'. For the Hui people congregations in China the mosque was used far more then for prayer. The place was a religious school, social center, a local conflicts court, office, and sometimes even martial arts learning center.

The 'Sufi' movement began to be felt in China towards the end of the 17th century. In trade routes from Central Asia came to China Muslim clerics, most of them foreigners from Yemen and Bukhara and some Muslims who returned to China after studies and pilgrimage in cities of the Arabian peninsula. These charismatic personalities appeared soon in Muslim centers in China (Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Yunnan) and started to gather around them students and followers. During the 18th century many of the Hui joined them.

Followers of 'Sufi' movement had attributed its onset values to Prophet Muhammad who preached for them. Muhammad himself did not preach asceticism and the denial of aerial life in this world, but many traditions ascribed to him bans the follies of the world: drinking wine, silk garments and the use of gold and silver. Furthermore, the Qur'an called the believers not to sin, so as not to be punished on Judgment Day.

Sufi communities appearance and the formation of their orders sparked tensions with the Chinese government of Manchu dynasty. The connection of some of the Muslims to trade routes, as religous orders were used as part of the trading stations/hostels in addition to their religious activities, impeded supervision. The building block for such an order always begun with a charismatic religious leader, often of foreign origin, who when reached a Muslim demographic concentration began teaching Islam to a small group of students. It was a way to integrate into the local community and gain a broader group of believers. The larger the circle of believers became, they established a unique community, with an upgrade to a more institutionalized phase, including transition to the national level.

The circumstances of the emergence of the Sufi movement in China and its establishment largely conformed with the social and political conditions which were formed at the time of the Abbasid Caliphate. Therefore it relatively quickly adapted and transferred its organizational structure, operated in Central Asia, to the terms of the Chinese Empire. On the national level there were Sufis armed with a theoretical concept, terminology and techniques of leadership that were so lacking for the Hui. They have helped many of the Hui to consolidate confidence and unique identity, of independent Chinese-speaking Muslims against the Chinese attempt to make them Chinese Muslims.

Concepts to keep in mind

Sharia - Islamic law, which is the foundation of the Islamic state.

Jihad - struggle against the infidels commandments, which is an integral part of the Muslim faith.

Hijra - a substantial Muslim immigration, which is inevitable as a result of demographic growth.

Dawa - Code of Muslims laws abroad, which they must fulfill in full in any foreign country in which they settle.

Aviation historian Richard Hallion

Richard Hallion is eminent historian of aviation and one of the founders and curaters of Air and Space Museum in Washington, which has the largest number of visitors in the world. Hallion wrote many books, among them "Taking Flight" which deals with the development of aviation from dawn to present. Hallion is among the few historians who thinks that the invention of the airplane is particularly important and determines that the airplane completely changed the face of reality. But Hallion does not attribute to the development of aviation the same importance granted to it in "Holocaust and Aviation", as the most influential factor in shaping modern history. The reason for this, among other things, is that he does not use the concepts of Aerial Awarness and Aerial Conciousness.

Central role in the overall approach of researcing the airplane phenomenon is the use of the terms Aerial Awarness and Aerial Conciousness.

The term Aerial Awarness was created by researchers to explain the initial enthusiasm of the American people for the flying machine. In addition historians began to use the term to describe the nation's interest, of groups or individuals, in any aviation related subject. The term originally referred to the flight enthusiasm of flying machines, but its use also refers to all the traditions and symbols that make up the approach to the subject and the diversified practices of it.

The term Aerial Conciousness means wise use of aerial propoganda to create a complete world view. In other words, this is a unique culture based on the concepts of aviation.

Hallion consequently does not use the term Aerial Dictatorship. In the first half of the twentieth century four dictatorships were established based on Aerial Conciousness: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Soviet Union and Imperial Japan. In these countries the airplane was more than just a flying machine. While statesmen from Western powers saw the airplane only as key technology component and a measure of progress, dictatorships of aviation attributed to it also symbolism as the precursor to national pride.

Another important aviation historian, Peter Fritzsche, author of "Germany - a Nation of Pilots”, which parts of it are the basis of few chapters in “Holocaust and Aviation”, discusses the development of German Aerial Conciousness before the rise of the Nazis. He too sees aviation as very important phenomenon, but secondary to the complex social factors that have shaped the history of the 20th century. It may be that the book was a bold intellectual experience for him and he abandoned it as advancing in academic career.

Peter Fritzsche is missing the use of the term Flying Psychology, developed by the philosopher Gaston Bashelard. Aerial phenomenon provides general guidelines which are basic important psychological principles. Experiences of taking of, rising, height, lift, floating, hovering, depth, landing, sinking, fall and so on are the experiences that sum up the human mind above anything else. Nothing explain them but they explain everything. More simply, if a person wants to live and feel them and above all to compare them, he realizes that they have an initial quality and they are more natural than all the others.

Richard Hellion deals in the first part of his book with the dawn of flight dream in humanity, as a process of spiritual purification and scientific investigation. He describes flying legends in ancient cultures, the impact of birds on the Greek and Roman civilizations, the consciousness of the spiritual flight in early Christianity and Islam, and the insistence of individuals in the Middle Ages on aviation experiences with meager means. Then he moves to the beginning of the modern ages, with the invention of gunpowder that also led to the development of military use of rockets, and he ends with the description of the scientific conflicts in early industrial revolution era regarding the proper way by which one can bring a person into the sky.

The second part of Hellion's book is devoted to the invention of the balloon and airship. An important chapter deals with the 'Magnificent Year' of 1783 when the balloon was invented. First floated, in the same year and same city - Paris, balloons which soared by hot air or using hydrogen, in competition greatly resembling race into space of nowadays. Each of the inventions had advantages and disadvantages and they both together forever changed the face of society. Hellion describes the effect of the inventions of the balloon on Paris fashion, but he is not connecting the balloon to the French Revolution which began in 1789 and started one of the most important processes in human history which heralded the era of the modern democratic state. The Flying Psychology of Gaston Bashelard explains well how single technological invention was able to influence in such significant way French society and the whole world.

Hellion finishes his book, which deals primarily with the development of the aircraft at the beginning of the twentieth century with a major part devoted to the Wright Brothers, with an epilogue about the events of 11 September 2001, when a number of airliners that terrorists had kidnapped crashed on major buildings in the United States. The damage and the relative ease with which terrorists were able to act led to worsening security regulations, and a simultaneous decrease in the number of passengers in airplanes. Spectacular airplanes in the sky suddenly became scaring.

September 11, 2001 events are a direct continuation of the Nazi worldview. A similar concern was the head of the public agenda even before World War II. Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the early 1930th said that the man in the street has to realize that there is no place where the strategic bomber is not able to get and it is better if the airplane had not been invented, but it is now mandatory to incorporate it in religious values.

Hellion states that like all technological inventions, whether the aircraft is good or bad depends on who use it and briefly reviews other periods in the 20th century when the airplane was described as precursor of human solidarity on the one hand, but was used as a weapon in destructive wars. He focuses on Nazi Germany and quotes the last lines from the diary of Joseph Goebbels, written in Hitler's bunker in Berlin shortly before their suicides, in which he wrote that the issue of helplessness against air superiority of Allied bombers which constantly bombarded German soil was repeated on and on in his last conversations with Hitler.

Hellion, like the rest of aviation historians, hardly applies in his book to the contribution of Nazi Germany to the development of modern aviation. Aviation achievements were the mainstay of the regime but they contradicted all his evil deeds. In addition, Hellion may wish to emphasize the contribution of his homeland to the development of aviation and space technologies. The process worked out by the Nazi political leadership, which combined the construction of the world's most sophisticated airplanes with the establishing the mechanism for genocides  of innocent folks, is described in detail in “Holocaust and Aviation” only. It was a process of trial and error of integrated ideology and technology, where the sense of Nazi racial superiority intensified together with their aerial superiority and their need of jenocides intensified as their air superiority declined.

The moral aspect which occurs as by itself let “Holocaust and Aviation” be a poetic and healing research for the soul, contrary to Holocaust studies of the academic establishment, which focuses on conventional explanations and therefore it is still a 'black hole' for them. Aviation is the cornerstone of Israel's security and this gap created social crisis that results in deep social fracture. Holocaust rememberance is incomplete.

The author of these lines grew up as a teenager in the 1960th and experienced the Yom Kippur War. It formed the stimulus for a mental turnaround that led to writing “Holocaust and Aviation” on the foundation of his parents' memories, who were holocaust survivors, memories which he recorded and edited. This multi-year process was done while watching the awakening of public interest in the Holocaust as the clear gap between everyday life of post-modern era to questions of history and future became obvious.

The Many international crises occurred after significant breakthrough in aviation development in the 20th century raise the question of what will be, in the foreseeable future, major developments in aviation. There are four different directions of development, each of which bestows on the other:

a. Space is gaining maximum public attention and the people of planet earth will gradually reach more meaningful and distant places through powerful missiles and large spaceships, mostly unmanned.

B. Automatic unmanned airplanes with elaborate guidance technology will replace mankind in the celestial wilderness. The drones rapidly replace manned military aircraft and the process has huge influence on civil aviation.

C. Personal aviation, in which each person will own an aircraft, will grow immensly in scope. Recreational aviation is very popular nowdays, after it become affordable and available to all. But the big push will be to bring important means of advanced propulsion and guidance to solve the range, navigation and landing problems in 3D reality.

D. Economic aviation using the floating principle, which takes advantage of the air cushion created between the airplane's wings and the ground when flying only a few feet above it, will replace traditional shipping routes and will bring development to remote sea shores.

Herman Shtruck Museum in Haifa

Herman Shtruck Museum

Hermann Shtruck (1876-1944) is considered one of the most important print artists in Germany and in Israel in the first half of the twentieth century. For more than forty years of operation, as successful and respected artist, he created a plethora of works on paper, mainly in two kinds of topics - portrait and landscape. His famous series of portraits immortalized the greatest intellectuals and scientists of his time, including the most famous painting in contemporary Judaism - a portrait of Theodor Hertzel.

Hermann Shtruck : Portrait of Theodore Hertzel

In addition to his artistic work Shtruck took an important part in the Zionist movement. His major artistic initiatives led to the establishment of Tel Aviv Museum of Art and Bezalel Academy of Art in Jerusalem.

Shtruck was recognized as preeminent graphic arts teacher and began teaching art print even while in Germany. Among his many students were Max Liebermann, Marc Chagall, Jacob Steinhardt, Joseph Bodko and others.

In December 1922 Shtruck moved from Berlin to Haifa. Shtruck's settling in Haifa was a cultural event which Israel did not know before. Shtruck was internationally recognized Jewish artist and contributed greatly to the development of the artistic community of the north of the country in general and the city of Haifa in particular.

Shtruck settled in Haifa in a three-storey building at Arlosorov Street 23 in Hadar Carmel, designed by his friend Alexander Berwald - one of the greatest architects who were operating in the first half of the twentieth century. He restored his studio in Berlin and gathered a club of students specialized in various print techniques. Among those who attended were Anna Ticho, Zvi Goldstein, Joseph Ehrlich and others.

Shtruck's home today is a preserved elegant building of historical and architectural value. In 2013, after a reconstruction project that included the renovation of the building, while retaining the original details, it was opened as a museum which recreate the appearance and the original spirit of the house as it was in the life of Shtruck.

The purpose of the museum is to illuminate the portrait of Hermann Shtruck in all circles of his cultural and social creativity and activity. The museum's display include furniture items, rugs, personal items, books and oil paintings by Hermann Shtruck, alongside works from the collection of Haifa Museum of Art. On the top floor of the museum will soon be opened a creative activity center, including workshops for print and etching, sculpture and painting.

Temporary exhibitions of the museum will be dedicated to the multi-scale creation of Hermann Shtruck and the art to which the artist devoted his life - print. Exhibitions will focus on issues, ideas and cultural trends in the modern era. Display platforms will bring together the work of Shtruck with other artists that work in the graphic arts field today in Israel and abroad, with the aim to conduct a dialogue between periods and points of view.

Sources:  מוזיאוני חיפה, הרמן שטרוק, בית הרמן שטרוק